Phonetics

Understanding the Basics of Phonetics in Linguistics

Derived from the Greek word fōnḗ, phonetics is a branch of linguistics that focuses on the physical aspect of sound production and reception. Its main field of study are the distinct sounds known as phones, and its aim is to explore the mechanics of producing, transmitting, and perceiving these sounds. Unlike other branches of linguistics, phonetics is universal and not confined to any particular language.

The Three Categories of Phonetics

Phonetics can be divided into three distinct categories:

• Articulatory phonetics: This category focuses on the physical production of speech sounds.
• Acoustic phonetics: This category examines the physical properties of how speech sounds travel.
• Auditory phonetics: This category explores how people perceive speech sounds.

It is important to note that although phonetics and phonics are often used interchangeably, they have different meanings. Phonics is a teaching method that helps students associate sounds with letters and is essential in teaching reading skills.

Exploring Articulatory Phonetics

Articulatory phonetics is the study of how humans use their speech organs to produce specific sounds. It focuses on the physical process of creating sounds and explains how we move our articulators, such as the lips, teeth, tongue, palate, uvula, nasal and oral cavities, and vocal cords, to produce different sounds. This branch of phonetics examines how air flow through the vocal tract is transformed into sound.

Humans can produce a wide range of sounds by manipulating their speech organs and controlling the airflow. This includes the lips, teeth, tongue, palate, uvula, nasal and oral cavities, and vocal cords.

The Role of Pronunciation in Phonetics

In articulatory phonetics, speech sounds are produced when two speech organs make contact with each other, affecting the airflow. This point of contact is known as the place of articulation, while the manner in which the contact occurs and releases is called the manner of articulation. For example, the [p] sound is formed by pressing the lips tightly together (place of articulation), resulting in a burst of sound when they are released (manner of articulation). This sound is associated with the letter 'P' in English.

In English, there are two main types of sounds: consonants and vowels. Consonants are created by partially or completely closing the vocal tract, while vowels are produced without any obstruction in the vocal tract.

The Production of Consonant and Vowel Sounds

Consonants: According to the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary, a consonant is defined as "a speech sound that is made by stopping air from flowing freely through the mouth, especially by closing the lips or touching the teeth with the tongue."

The production of consonant sounds can be divided into three key areas: voice, place of articulation, and manner of articulation.

• Voice: In articulatory phonetics, voice refers to the presence or absence of vibration of the vocal cords. There are two types of sounds: voiceless sounds (made with no vocal cord vibration, like [s] as in sip) and voiced sounds (made with vocal cord vibration, like [z] as in zip).
• Place of Articulation: This refers to the point where the airflow is constricted. There are seven main types of sounds based on the place of articulation, including bilabial (using both lips), labiodental (using the upper teeth and lower lip), interdental (using the tongue between the teeth), alveolar (using the ridge behind the upper front teeth), palatal (using the hard palate), and velar (using the velum or soft palate).
• Manner of Articulation: This describes the way in which the airflow is constricted and released. Examples include stops (complete obstruction of airflow, like [p] and [b]), fricatives (partial obstruction of airflow, like [f] and [v]), and affricates (a combination of a stop and fricative, like [t͡ʃ] as in chat).Mechanics of Speech: A Guide to Understanding Vowels and Glottals
• In the study of language, vowels and glottals play a crucial role in creating clear and open sounds. Unlike consonants, vowels are produced without any constriction in the vocal tract, allowing for unrestricted airflow. With the movement of the tongue and lips, the English language is comprised of 20 vowel sounds.
• Phonetics is a vital field of study that helps us comprehend how speech sounds are formed, transmitted, and received. By examining the mechanics of sound production, we can better understand how to teach and improve our own pronunciation. Experiment with different speech sounds and explore the various ways our speech organs work together to create them.
• Exploring Glottals
• Glottals are unique sounds produced in the space between the vocal folds, commonly represented by [h] or [ʔ] (as in uh-oh).
• Understanding Manner of Articulation
• The manner of articulation investigates the coordination and interaction between the speech organs during the production of speech sounds.
• There are five main categories of speech sounds based on their manner of articulation:
• Plosives (also known as stops) - sounds created by obstructing and releasing the airflow from the lungs. Plosives are characterized by their harsh quality, such as [p, t, k, b, d, g].
• Fricatives - sounds made when two articulators come close together, but do not touch, creating a small gap in the vocal tract. This obstruction causes audible friction, resulting in sounds like [f, v, z, ʃ, θ].
• Affricates - sounds produced by the rapid succession of plosive and fricative sounds. For example, [tʃ] is a combination of [t] and [ʃ], and [dʒ] is a mixture of [d] and [ʒ]. The first is unvoiced, and the second is voiced.
• Nasals - sounds created when air passes through the nasal cavity instead of the mouth, such as [m, n, ŋ].
• Approximants - sounds made with partial obstruction of the airflow from the mouth. This results in a combination of sounds coming from the nose and the mouth, like [l, ɹ, w, j].
• Diving Deeper into Vowels
• Vowels are speech sounds produced without obstruction from the teeth, tongue, or lips, allowing the breath to flow freely through the mouth (Cambridge Learner's Dictionary).
• Linguists classify vowels based on three criteria: height, backness, and roundedness.
• Height
• Height refers to the position of the tongue in the mouth when producing a vowel.
• For instance, the vowels [ɪ] (as in sit) and [a] (as in cat) have different heights, with the tongue moving up and down during pronunciation.
• Vowels are categorized as high, mid, or low based on their height. [ɪ] in bit is a high vowel, [ɛ] in bed is a mid vowel, and [ɑ] in hot is a low vowel.
• Backness
• Backness refers to the horizontal movement of the tongue during vowel pronunciation.
• For example, the vowels [ɪ] (as in sit) and [u] (as in umbrella) have different backness, with the tongue moving forward and backward while producing the sounds.
• Vowels are classified as front, central, or back based on their backness. [i:] in feel is a front vowel, [ə] in again is a central vowel, and [u:] in boot is a back vowel.
• Roundedness
• Roundedness refers to the shape of the lips when producing a vowel sound.
• Rounded vowels are pronounced with the lips slightly open and extended, like [ʊ] in put. On the other hand, unrounded vowels are produced with the lips spread and the corners of the mouth pulled back, such as [ɪ] in bit.
• An Introduction to Acoustic Phonetics
• Acoustic phonetics is the study of how speech sounds travel from the speaker's production to the listener's ear.
• It analyzes the physical properties of sound, including frequency, intensity, and duration, and how sound is transmitted.
• When a sound is produced, it creates a sound wave that travels through an acoustic medium (typically air, but can also be water, wood, metal, etc.). This sound wave reaches the eardrum, causing vibrations that the auditory system then converts into neural impulses, perceived as sound.
• Exploring Sound Waves
• Sound waves are pressure waves that cause particles in the surrounding medium to vibrate.
• Linguists study sound movement by examining the sound waves created during speech.
• The Four Main Properties of Sound Waves
• Sound waves have four essential properties that determine how we perceive and interpret different sounds:
• Wavelength - the distance between the crests (highest points) of the sound wave, indicating the length of the wave cycle.
• Period - the amount of time it takes for the sound wave to create a complete wave cycle.
• Amplitude - the height of the sound wave, representing the volume or intensity of the sound.
• Frequency - the number of cycles per second, measured in Hertz (Hz).
• Understanding Auditory Phonetics and How We Hear
• When it comes to loudness, the amplitude of a sound wave plays a crucial role. A high amplitude results in a loud sound, while a low amplitude creates a quieter sound.
• Frequency and Its Impact on Sound
• Frequency refers to the number of waves produced per second. In general, low-frequency sounds have a lower number of waves per second compared to high-frequency sounds. The unit used to measure frequency is Hertz (Hz).
• Exploring the Basics of Auditory Phonetics
• Auditory phonetics is the study of how people perceive speech sounds and is focused on speech perception. Unlike acoustic phonetics, which deals with objectively measurable properties, auditory phonetics examines the subjective sensations experienced by listeners. This branch of phonetics is often studied by asking individuals to report their perceptions and looks at the relationship between speech and the listener's interpretation.
• The Mechanics of Our Auditory and Hearing System
• As sound waves travel through the air, they cause molecules to vibrate. These vibrations reach the ear and cause the eardrum to vibrate as well. The vibrations then pass through three small bones, the malleus, incus, and stapes, located in the middle ear, before reaching the inner ear.
• The cochlea, a small snail shell-shaped chamber in the inner ear, is home to the sensory organ of hearing. Here, the vibrations are converted into neural signals and sent to the brain, which interprets them as sound.
• The Importance of Auditory Phonetics in the Medical Field
• Auditory phonetics is particularly significant in the medical field as it helps identify and understand different sounds. For instance, individuals with Auditory Processing Disorder (APD) struggle with processing sounds, often leading to difficulties in understanding speech. This disorder can cause a discrepancy between hearing and comprehending sounds, resulting in misinterpretations and challenges in everyday communication.
• The Role of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
• The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is a system of symbols used to transcribe phonetic sounds, aiding in the analysis of speech sounds. Developed in 1888, the IPA is based on the Latin alphabet and aims to encompass all aspects of speech, including phones, phonemes, intonation, and syllables. The symbols consist of letter-like characters, diacritics, or a combination of both.
• The Importance of Diacritics in Phonetic Transcription
• Diacritics are small symbols, such as accents or cedillas, added to phonetic symbols to indicate slight distinctions in sounds and pronunciation. They help provide more detailed information about the production of sound.
• The Advantages of Using the IPA
• The IPA is a universal system that can be used for any language, making it helpful for language learning. While its original purpose was to describe phones, the IPA is now commonly used for phonemic transcription as well. However, for the English language, a phonemic chart based on the IPA is used, representing the 44 English phonemes.
• Understanding the Difference Between Phones and Phonemes
• A phone is the physical sound produced when speaking and is written between square brackets ( [ ] ). A phoneme, on the other hand, is the mental representation and meaning associated with that sound, and is written between slashes ( / / ).
• The Use of Narrow Transcription for Detailed Transcription
• When transcribing sounds, narrow transcription is used to capture as many aspects of a specific pronunciation as possible. The symbols and letters are written between square brackets [ ] and provide detailed information on how to physically produce sounds.
• Example: Pronouncing the Word 'Port'
• When saying the word 'port,' an audible exhalation of air occurs after the letter 'p.'
• The Basics of Phonetics: Breaking Down Speech Sounds
• Phonetics is a field of study that focuses on the production and reception of speech sounds. It is comprised of three categories: articulatory, acoustic, and auditory phonetics. Let's delve into the world of phonetics by exploring various examples of phonetic transcriptions.
• Understanding Phonetic Transcriptions
• In phonetics, a broad transcription is used to highlight the most significant and necessary sounds. These sounds are enclosed within two slashes (/ /). For example, the word "apple" is transcribed as /æpəl/. Here are a few more instances of broad transcriptions:
• Head - /hɛd/
• Shoulders - /ˈʃəʊldəz/
• Knees - /niːz/
• And - /ənd/
• Toes - /təʊz/
• On the other hand, a phonemic transcription focuses on the phonemes (sound units) in a word. It simplifies transcriptions by removing unnecessary details and diacritics. Using the same examples as above, the phonemic transcriptions would be:
• Head - /hɛd/
• Shoulders - /ʃəʊldəz/
• Knees - /niːz/
• And - /ənd/
• Toes - /təʊz/
• Although both transcriptions adhere to the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), the phonetic transcription includes additional diacritics that provide more information about the pronunciation of sounds. These transcriptions are primarily based on the British English pronunciation.
• The Role of the International Phonetic Alphabet
• In English, the same letters can represent different sounds or no sound at all. This can make spelling an unreliable representation of pronunciation. The IPA uses symbols to accurately represent the sounds in a word, making it possible to write a word as it sounds. For instance, the word "tulip" would be transcribed as /ˈtjuːlɪp/ in IPA.
• Furthermore, the IPA is incredibly beneficial for individuals learning a second language. It assists learners in understanding how to pronounce words correctly, even when the new language uses a different alphabet than their native language.
• Key Takeaways from Understanding Phonetics
• Phonetics is the study of speech sounds and their production and reception.
• It can be divided into three categories: articulatory, acoustic, and auditory.
• The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is a system of symbols that accurately represent phonetic sounds.
• The IPA is especially useful for individuals learning a second language to understand proper pronunciation.