The teachings of ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle have greatly influenced the way that western culture views rhetoric. He defined rhetoric as the "ability to identify the available means of persuasion" in a given situation. While it was originally considered to be the art of persuasion, the definition has expanded to include intentional communication between individuals.
Rhetorical modes, also referred to as patterns of organization, are effective tools for organizing spoken and written communication to effectively engage an audience. These modes often come naturally during discussions and can help to create a cohesive flow of thoughts or arguments. For example, when asked to describe your favorite movie, you may naturally use the rhetorical mode of classification by categorizing it as an action-adventure film and providing examples of its thrilling scenes.
These rhetorical modes are useful in both casual and formal writing, and can be used together to develop and strengthen ideas. As there is no dominant mode, there are a variety of ways to effectively present an argument or hold a conversation.
The most commonly used rhetorical modes include classification, illustration, comparison and contrast, and analogy. These modes provide a structured approach to crafting essays and arguments and are critical tools for writers and speakers. By utilizing these rhetorical modes, one can effectively outline any discussion or presentation. To demonstrate their usefulness, let's revisit the example of an action-adventure movie.
This mode involves grouping similar items together to showcase their relationship within the group. It allows for further exploration of how these items interact with each other and can be used in conjunction with other rhetorical modes, such as comparison and contrast. For instance, when explaining the reasons behind your favorite action-adventure movie, you may provide context for the genre and highlight how your movie stands out from others in the same category.
Comparison involves finding similarities between two or more things, while contrast identifies their differences. This rhetorical mode is often used in arguments that utilize other modes. In the case of discussing your favorite movie, you may use comparison to showcase its similarities to a critically acclaimed and award-winning film, thus justifying your choice.
Also known as exemplification, this mode uses specific examples to clarify abstract ideas or make general ideas more tangible. It goes beyond mere description or narration, turning the subject of discussion into a symbol or concept. For example, instead of simply telling a story of drug abuse, you may use it to represent a larger societal issue.
The final basic rhetorical mode is analogy, which involves comparing two seemingly unrelated things to highlight their shared characteristics. This mode can effectively illustrate complex ideas or make a point more relatable. For instance, you could use an analogy to explain why your favorite movie stands out from others in the same genre.
Analogies can be a compelling tool when attempting to explain unfamiliar or complex concepts to an audience. By comparing the unknown idea to something more familiar, the audience can make connections and better understand the new concept.
For example, let's say you're trying to explain the concept of time travel in a movie to your audience. You could use the analogy of a typical school schedule to demonstrate how time works in the film. Although it may seem unrelated, by using an example that the audience is familiar with, such as going to different classes throughout the day but always returning to homeroom, you can help them grasp the complex idea of time travel.
We have already seen one example of utilizing analogy in rhetoric, but let's take a closer look at more detailed examples to fully understand how each basic rhetorical mode functions.
In his influential book "I'm OK - You're OK," psychotherapist Thomas Anthony Harris outlines the four psychological positions that shape our interactions with others. These positions, also known as "life positions," play a crucial role in determining the quality of our relationships and can greatly impact our self-esteem. By understanding and recognizing these positions, we can strive towards healthier and more fulfilling connections with others.
Rhetorical modes, such as analogy, are fundamental tools in effectively communicating complex concepts to an audience. By using relatable examples and comparisons, these modes aid in comprehension and retention of information. They also serve as effective structures for organizing and presenting arguments, making them essential in the field of rhetoric and communication.
While there are various rhetorical modes, the four basic modes - classification, illustration/exemplification, comparison/contrast, and analogy - are the most commonly used. These modes are often the focus of academic essays and exams, and a strong understanding of them can greatly improve writing skills.
For instance, a thorough understanding of classification can help tackle complex essays on psychological theories, such as Freud's concepts of Id, Ego, and Superego. The use of rhetorical modes can also serve as a framework for outlining and organizing ideas, making the writing process more efficient. In fact, it is not uncommon for exams to assess the understanding of how these modes function.
Beyond academia, familiarity with the basic rhetorical modes can provide valuable strategies for developing and articulating perspectives on sensitive topics, such as politics. They can also be useful in defending personal opinions on subjective matters, like proclaiming "The Terminator" (1984) as the greatest film of all time.
References:1 Aristotle. On Rhetoric: A Theory of Civic Discourse. 2nd ed. Trans. George A. Kennedy. Oxford UP. 2007.2 Harris, Thomas Anthony. I'm OK—You're OK. 1967.
