Cataphoric references are a common literary device used to refer forward to information that will be mentioned later in a text or discourse. Unlike anaphoric references, which refer back to something previously mentioned, cataphoric references propel the reader or listener to a point further in the text.
The term "cataphoric" originates from the Greek words "kata" meaning "in front of" and "pherein" meaning "to carry." This concept speaks to how cataphoric references "carry" the audience to a later point in the text.
In order to identify a word or phrase as a cataphoric reference, it must be understood only in the context of the information provided later on, known as the postcedent. If it cannot be understood on its own, then it is considered a cataphoric reference.
The use of cataphoric references can have various effects on writing, including:
Let's explore some examples of cataphoric references in use:
"The presentation ran longer than expected. It didn't finish until eight." In this sentence, the pronoun "it" serves as a cataphor for the postcedent "the presentation" mentioned in the second sentence.
"I went to say hello once she arrived. Mary was usually early." Here, the cataphor refers to a person, with the pronoun "she" referring to "Mary."
In general, cataphoric references can refer to people, objects, or other nouns in a text.
Cataphoric references occur when a word or phrase refers forward to a term that will be mentioned later on in the text, whereas anaphoric references refer back to something already mentioned. This makes cataphoric references the opposite of anaphoric references.
For instance, "Even though I called him yesterday, Paul didn't answer my questions." In this sentence, "him" is the cataphor that refers forward to the postcedent "Paul."
The incorporation of cataphoric references adds complexity and depth to writing, creating a more engaging and fluid reading experience for the audience.
