If you're not familiar with the term metonymy, chances are you've encountered it in everyday conversations. Metonymy is a figure of speech where a term closely associated with something is used to refer to it. The term used in place of the original is called a metonym.
To better understand metonymy, let's explore some examples. As it can be a complex concept, brief explanations will accompany each example.
An often-cited example is "the crown" as a metonym for a monarch. For instance, one might say, "I swore allegiance to the Crown," which really means "I swore allegiance to the Queen." In this case, the crown symbolizes the monarch, allowing for the substitution of "queen" with "crown."
In business settings, it's common to refer to executives as "suits." For example, "I have a meeting with the suits from head office." Here, "suits" represent businesspeople.
In action movies, the term "hired gun" is often used to mean an assassin, as a gun is closely associated with the role of an assassin.
Some metonyms are so ingrained in our language that we don't even realize we're using them. For instance, if someone asks, "What's your favorite dish?" they are most likely referring to a meal, not actual dishes like bone china or porcelain. "Dish" is a metonym for meal in this context.
Another subtle example of metonymy is when someone asks, "Have you heard the new Billie Eilish?" meaning "Have you heard the new Billie Eilish song?" Here, an artist's work is referenced by their name, a form of metonymy. Similar to saying, "I have a Picasso hanging in my living room."
One of the most commonly used metonyms for money is "bread" (or sometimes "dough"). For example, "I need a job so I can start making some bread." This substitution works because bread is closely associated with money, as we all know money allows us to eat.
Metonymy can also be used to refer to abstract concepts, ideas, and emotions. For example, the phrase "from the cradle to the grave" means "from birth until death." In this case, "cradle" is a metonym for birth and "grave" is a metonym for death.
The term "heart" is a versatile metonym, often used to represent love, passion, energy, or effort. For instance, saying "I gave you my heart" conveys the idea of giving someone love, while "putting your heart" into something implies putting effort or passion into it.
Before we delve into the differences between metonymy and synecdoche, it's important to note that some consider synecdoche to be a type of metonymy, while others view it as a separate figure of speech. For clarity, we will use the OED definition, which categorizes synecdoche as distinct from metonymy. However, always consult with your tutor for their perspective.
Compared to metonymy, synecdoche is a figure of speech where a part of something is used to represent the whole. For example, using "all hands on deck" to refer to everyone on a ship is an example of synecdoche. In contrast, metonymy uses a related term to represent the whole, like using "the White House" to refer to the US government.
Synecdoche is a form of figurative language that differs from metonymy in that it refers to a thing by the name of one of its parts or by the name of something it is a part of. In simpler terms, it is a part representing the whole or the whole representing a part.
Examples of synecdoche using a part to refer to the whole include "check out my new wheels" where "wheels" stand for a car, "I bought myself some new threads" where "threads" refer to clothes, and "I've got mouths to feed" where "mouths" represent people.
On the other hand, examples of synecdoche using the whole to refer to a part include "Germany won the World Cup" where "Germany" stands for the Germany football team, "I was pulled over by the police" where "the police" represent the police officers, and "Washington is negotiating new trade agreements" where "Washington" represents the US government.
Although metonymy and synecdoche both use one word or phrase to refer to another, they have distinct differences. Metonymy substitutes a word with something closely associated with it, while synecdoche uses a part to represent the whole or vice versa. Think of metonymy as a symbol and synecdoche as a zoomed-in or zoomed-out perspective.
The difference between metonymy and synecdoche may be challenging to grasp, so here is a straightforward question to determine which is being used: Is the word or phrase physically attached to the thing it refers to? If so, then it is a synecdoche. If the word or phrase is bigger, such as a country, city, building, or authority, that contains the thing, then it is a metonymy. A metonymy uses a symbol to represent something, while synecdoche uses a part or whole to represent something.
Metaphor, another type of figurative language, is often confused with metonymy. The primary distinction between the two is that metonymy is based on association, while metaphor is based on comparison. Metonymy uses a word or phrase to represent something, while a metaphor compares two things to highlight their similarities.
For example, the phrase "My ride is parked outside" uses "ride" as a metonym for a car because one "rides" in a car. In contrast, the phrase "My tin can is parked outside" uses "tin can" as a metaphor for a car because both are made of metal, and the implication is that the car is cheap and flimsy like a tin can.
If there is still confusion about whether a word or phrase is a metonymy, synecdoche, or metaphor, a helpful flowchart is available. The key is to focus on the word or phrase used to represent something else. For instance, the phrase "I have a meeting with the suits" uses "suits" as a metonym for businesspeople.
Metonymy is a powerful linguistic tool that adds depth and imagery to writing and speech. It is a commonly used figure of speech in literature, allowing writers to add layers of meaning to their works. One famous example of metonymy can be found in Shakespeare's play As You Like It: "All the world's a stage." The word "stage" is used to represent the entire world, implying that life is like a performance with different roles and stages.
While both metonymy and synecdoche use one word or phrase to represent another, they differ in their approach. Metonymy relies on words or phrases that are associated with the object being referenced, while synecdoche uses a part to represent the whole or vice versa. For example, "wheels" can be a synecdoche for a car because it is a part of it, but it can also be a metonym if used in a different context, such as "I love my new wheels."
In conclusion, metonymy and synecdoche are literary devices that rely on associations and the use of specific parts to represent a whole. Being aware of the distinction between these two figures of speech can help both readers and writers effectively use them in their works.
