Exophora, a term in linguistics, refers to the use of words or phrases that refer to something outside of the immediate text. This is the opposite of endophora, which refers to something within the text. Exophoric references are dependent on context and can be challenging to understand without shared knowledge. For instance, when someone says, "Look over there!", the term "there" is an exophoric reference that relies on the listener's ability to see what the speaker is referring to.
Exophoric references are commonly used in spoken conversations and dialogue, where the speaker and listener share knowledge and context. In contrast, expository writing focuses on providing information and does not heavily use exophoric references.
Exophoric storytelling is a form of storytelling that heavily references events outside of the text. This type of storytelling can only be understood with additional context that may not be readily available to the readers. This highlights the importance of shared knowledge and context in understanding exophoric references.
Homophora relies on the listener or reader's general or cultural knowledge to be understood. An example of this is the use of the phrase "the Queen" in the UK, which refers to Queen Elizabeth II. This type of reference requires additional cultural context and remains an exophoric reference.
Deixis involves using words or phrases with a fixed semantic meaning that can vary in their denoted meaning based on the context. For instance, in the sentence "We'll clean out the garage tomorrow," the term "tomorrow" refers to an actual date. However, its meaning is dependent on when the speaker says it. This is an instance of deixis in action.
In summary, exophoric references rely on context and shared knowledge for understanding. Whether it is through exophoric storytelling, homophora, or deixis, these concepts all play a crucial role in using exophoric references effectively. Understanding these concepts is essential in comprehending and utilizing this type of reference in communication.
