In 1928, the Theater am Schiffbauerdamm in Berlin was buzzing with excitement as the curtains rose for the premiere of The Threepenny Opera. This three-act musical drama, adapted from four ballads by François Villon and John Gay's The Beggar's Opera, tells the story of the notorious criminal, Macheath, in Victorian London.
The Threepenny Opera transports the audience to the bustling streets of Victorian London, where Macheath, a cunning and fearless criminal, rules the underworld. In Act I, we meet Peachum, the owner of a beggars emporium, and his wife, Mrs. Peachum. The couple is shocked to discover that their daughter, Polly, has eloped with none other than Macheath himself. While the young couple celebrates their love, the police arrive. However, Macheath remains unperturbed as he has struck a deal with the corrupt sheriff, Tiger Brown, who turns a blind eye to his crimes for a hefty sum of money. But Peachum and Mrs. Peachum are determined to see Macheath behind bars.
Polly warns Macheath about her parents' plans, and he decides to flee the city. Before leaving, he instructs his men to obey Polly's orders while he is gone. In an effort to reassure Polly of his commitment, Macheath promises her that she is the only woman in his life. Meanwhile, Mrs. Peachum seeks the help of Ginny Jenny, a prostitute working at Macheath's brothel, to turn him in to the police. Despite her doubts, Ginny ends up exposing Macheath's whereabouts, and he is captured. However, one of his loyal gang members witnesses this and alerts the rest of the gang.
The police take Macheath to the Old Bailey, where he is imprisoned. In the meantime, Lucy Brown, Tiger Brown's daughter and Macheath's former lover, visits him. She reveals that she is pregnant with his child. When Polly arrives, the two women confront each other and realize that they have been deceived by Macheath. Mrs. Peachum takes Polly away, leaving Lucy and Macheath alone. He convinces her to help him escape, promising to come back for her once he is free. But things take an unexpected turn when Peachum shows up to claim his reward for Macheath's arrest. Instead, he finds a disgraced Tiger Brown and threatens to have him killed if he doesn't capture Macheath soon.
In Act III, Peachum orchestrates a beggars' protest to disrupt the Queen's coronation ceremony. Ginny Jenny informs the Peachums of Macheath's whereabouts, and when the police arrive to arrest Peachum for organizing the protest, he convinces them to focus on capturing Macheath instead. Meanwhile, Polly visits Lucy to apologize for her behavior. To her surprise, Lucy reveals that she lied about being pregnant and the two women bond over their shared love for Macheath. As rumors of Macheath's arrest spread, the two women rush to his aid.
The following morning, Macheath receives the news that he will be executed in an hour. Desperate for a way out, he tries to bribe Constable Smith, but he doubts that Macheath can come up with the money in such a short time. As his gang members visit him in prison, it becomes clear that they have spent most of the money. Polly, still in love with Macheath, confesses her feelings, but he only asks her for money. As she is taken away, Tiger Brown visits Macheath for a final meal. However, their conversation turns into an argument, and the sheriff orders Smith to take Macheath to the gallows. Along the way, Smith reminds Macheath that he can still escape if he gives him the money. But Macheath has nothing left to offer. The play ends with Macheath's fate left uncertain.
As Macheath faces his inevitable execution, an unexpected twist of fate changes everything. Tiger Brown, arriving with a royal pardon, grants Macheath a title, property, and a pension for life. This surprising turn of events brings joy and relief to everyone, even those who once despised Macheath. As the audience is left to ponder the outcome, Peachum breaks the fourth wall and reminds them that they have just witnessed a work of theatre, where happy endings are more likely than in real life.
In Bertolt Brecht's iconic play, The Threepenny Opera, the harsh reality of capitalism is exposed, revealing the brutal nature of a system where individuals will go to extreme lengths to achieve success, often disregarding the well-being of others. One of the central themes of the play is the pursuit of money, which overshadows any sense of loyalty or love, leaving the characters alienated and disconnected from one another.
The character of Peachum, who profits from the misfortunes of the poor, represents the exploitative nature of capitalism. In a conversation with beggars before a planned protest, he states that the wealthy may be the cause of misery, but they turn a blind eye to it. This reflects his own survival strategy of exploiting those beneath him.
Brecht uses the character of Macheath to embody the vices of capitalism, prioritizing his own self-interest without any concern for the harm he causes. The play's ending, where Macheath is pardoned and rewarded for his crimes, serves as a commentary on a system where the wealthy always come out on top, regardless of their wrongdoings.
Brecht's use of the Alienation effect, also known as the V-effect or Verfremdungseffekt, adds depth and meaning to The Threepenny Opera. This technique interrupts the illusion of the play and brings the audience's attention to its reality, challenging them to question their own role in society and the issues portrayed in the play.
The actors directly addressing the audience serves as a way to physically distance them from the story, but ultimately brings them closer to the play's themes and messages. This technique was particularly significant during the play's release in the 1920s, as it served as a critique of the corrupt capitalist system in Germany at the time.
Another crucial theme in The Threepenny Opera is the prevalence of corruption within society. Peachum's quote, "For the wickedness of the world is so great you have to run your legs off in order to avoid having them stolen from under you," serves as a commentary on the corrupt nature of those in power. This is evident in the character of Sheriff Tiger Brown, who is shown to be corrupt and in cahoots with Macheath.
The play's ending, where Macheath is saved by the very corruption he is involved in, reflects the injustices and unfair advantages that come with living in a corrupt society. Brecht does not pass judgement on any of the characters, but instead highlights the idea that the capitalist system is to blame for promoting and perpetuating corruption. In a brutal and cut-throat system, individuals resort to immoral actions to survive.
Love and lust are portrayed as two conflicting ideas in The Threepenny Opera, with the characters being driven by their passionate desires. Polly, Macheath's naive wife, declares that "Love is the greatest thing in the world!" in an attempt to justify her marriage. However, her idealistic views are shattered when she discovers her husband's infidelity.
Macheath's inability to control his lust ultimately leads to his downfall, as his affairs and recklessness catch up to him. This is contrasted with the love that both Polly and Lucy, another one of his lovers, have for him. However, in the play, love and lust are portrayed as weaknesses that can be easily exploited in a corrupt and manipulative society.
Throughout The Threepenny Opera, various symbols are used to represent the characters' motivations and their struggle for power. The moon, often seen as a symbol of guidance, plays a significant role in the characters' actions. In one instance, Polly dreams of the moon, which symbolically reveals Macheath's unfaithfulness to her. This suggests that love is often overshadowed by the pursuit of wealth, represented by the image of the penny.
The penny, a symbol of money, is compared to the moon in Polly's dream, representing the idea that money is the driving force in the characters' lives, often coming between them and their relationships. Even Macheath, London's most notorious gangster, is constantly chasing after wealth.
The White Gloves: Symbol of Corruption in The Threepenny Opera
In Bertolt Brecht's The Threepenny Opera, one symbol foreshadows the fate of protagonist Macheath - the white gloves he wears, a distinction usually reserved for the aristocracy. This reflects the corrupt societal system where a criminal can gain a noble title through manipulation and reminds us that in a capitalist society, success and power often come at a price.
Mackie the Knife, also known as Macheath, is the play's antihero. Brecht challenges the traditional notion of rooting for a protagonist by portraying Macheath as a morally questionable character. Despite his violent and criminal actions, he manages to achieve his desired "happy ending" and garner support from other characters. Macheath is a product of the corrupt capitalist society and excels in it through any means necessary.
Polly Peachum, daughter of the Peachum family, is infatuated with Macheath and turns a blind eye to his infidelity. Her loyalty and belief in the goodness of Macheath reflect the saying "love is blind." Brecht sees love and lust as distractions, preventing individuals from taking action to change society.
Jonathan Jeremiah Peachum, Polly's father, is the leader of London's beggars. Like Macheath, he has compromised his morals to succeed in a corrupt system. Though he initially goes after Macheath for eloping with his daughter, he eventually becomes more interested in the potential financial reward for aiding the police in catching him. This highlights the flaw of a society where everything revolves around money.
Mrs. Peachum, Polly's mother, supports her husband's decision to capture Macheath. She also serves as the archetypal mother figure, worrying about her daughter's well-being. Desperate to capture Macheath, she strikes a deal with Ginny Jenny, a sex worker, to assist her husband.
Tiger Brown, Macheath's old friend and the sheriff of London, helps him avoid police raids in exchange for money. Their strong bond symbolizes the corrupting influence of capitalism, as even their friendship cannot withstand the pursuit of self-interest. This is evident when they argue over Macheath's outstanding debts and his relationship with Brown's daughter, Lucy.
Lucy Brown, Tiger Brown's daughter, is one of Macheath's lovers, adding another layer to the complex relationships in the play. She refers to their relationship as a 'marriage', hinting that he has manipulated other women in the same way as Polly. Lucy falsely claims to be pregnant to lure Macheath back to her. When Polly and Lucy discover each other's existence, they initially become enemies but eventually unite over their shared love for Macheath. Like Polly, Lucy is blindly devoted to him.
Ginny Jenny is a sex worker at Macheath's brothel. In a duet, she reveals that she used to have a romantic involvement with Macheath, but he began exploiting her for profit and would physically harm her if she didn't make enough money. Despite his mistreatment, Ginny Jenny reminisces about their past with fondness. However, in the end, she betrays Macheath for monetary gain offered by Mrs. Peachum. Ginny Jenny only expresses herself through song.
Constable Smith is a corrupt police officer in London who assists in capturing Macheath. Like many other characters, Constable Smith only helps others when it benefits him. He is willing to help Macheath escape execution in exchange for a large sum of money. Smith embodies the pervasive corruption in society.
First performed in 1928, The Threepenny Opera has had a significant influence on modern culture. Brecht's play has been performed in Europe and the United States throughout the 1930s and remains popular today, with translations available in 18 languages and current performances around the world.
The play's impact can also be seen in popular culture, such as the Netflix series You (2018-), which shares some similarities with The Threepenny Opera. The main character, Joe Goldberg, is a dangerous criminal who continually evades punishment for his actions. The show's perspective draws the audience towards him, despite knowing better. This concept is reminiscent of The Threepenny Opera.
In Conclusion
The Threepenny Opera is a musical drama written by Bertolt Brecht with music composed by Kurt Weill. Through complex characters and intricate relationships, Brecht critiques a corrupt society where money and power corrupt even the closest of relationships. The white gloves serve as a powerful symbol of this corruption, reminding us of the high cost of success in a capitalist system.
The Threepenny Opera, first performed in Berlin in 1928, is a play that combines elements from François Villon's ballads and John Gay's The Beggar's Opera. It is set in Victorian London and centers around the story of Macheath, a gangster unjustly rewarded for his crimes.
This play serves as a scathing criticism of capitalism, delving into themes of corruption, love, and lust. Symbolic elements, such as the moon, penny, and white gloves, add depth to the story. The main characters include Macheath, Polly Peachum, Mrs. Peachum, Tiger Brown, Lucy Brown, Ginny Jenny, and Constable Smith.
At its core, The Threepenny Opera delivers a powerful message about the detrimental effects of a capitalist society. It highlights how the wealthy can thrive and evade consequences, even when carrying out criminal actions to amass wealth. This play tackles important themes of capitalism, corruption, love, and lust.
The Threepenny Opera holds significant cultural significance as it was Brecht's first major success and showcased his innovative Epic theatre techniques. Interestingly, Macheath does not face execution in the play but instead receives a pardon and reward from the Queen. Written in 1928, The Threepenny Opera remains a thought-provoking and impactful piece of work that continues to resonate with audiences.
