The transformation of a caterpillar into a butterfly may be a familiar concept in nature, but in literature, the most notable metamorphosis is one of a man turning into an insect, leading to his downfall. This disturbing metamorphosis is vividly depicted in Franz Kafka's iconic novella, "The Metamorphosis," published in 1915. This transformative piece of literary fiction leaves readers questioning their own existence and societal expectations.
Franz Kafka, a German-language writer, was renowned for his absurdist and existential works, which have influenced countless writers. Born and raised in Prague, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and now known as the Czech Republic, Kafka's provocative writing continues to captivate readers today.
The novella centers around Gregor Samsa, who wakes up one day to find himself transformed into a "monstrous vermin." As he struggles to come to terms with his new form, he also has to adapt to the bizarre circumstances that come along with it. His initial concern is being late for work, as he has never missed a day before. However, when his boss and colleagues discover his transformation, they are repulsed and hint at his job being at risk.
Gregor's family is horrified by his transformation and locks him in his room. Only his sister, Grete, interacts with him regularly and takes care of him. As Gregor's condition deteriorates, his family becomes increasingly neglectful, taking on extra jobs to make up for his lost income.
One day, as Grete plays the violin in the living room, Gregor ventures out of his room and is seen by the tenants living in their house. They are disgusted and refuse to pay rent. This leads Grete to urge her parents to get rid of "it," referring to Gregor. Feeling unwanted and discarded, Gregor dies that night, and the next morning, their maid discovers his lifeless body.
In the end, "The Metamorphosis" leaves readers contemplating the fragility of human existence and the consequences of societal pressures and neglect. This masterpiece has been translated into numerous languages and continues to be recognized as a literary gem over a century after its original publication.
Finally, as the Samsa family boards a tram to their new home in the countryside, they are filled with relief and joy. They have decided to move into a smaller, more affordable apartment, and during the journey, Mr. and Mrs. Samsa can't help but notice how their daughter, Grete, has grown into a beautiful young lady, ready for marriage.
In Kafka's novel, the exact type of beetle that Gregor transforms into is never explicitly mentioned. However, popular depictions often portray him as a cockroach or beetle, adding to the unsettling nature of his transformation.
The majority of the story takes place within the walls of the Samsa's apartment. Although the exact time period is left ambiguous, it is believed to be written around 1912 and published in 1915, likely occurring during this time.
As the story begins with Gregor awakening as a giant insect in his bedroom, he is primarily confined to this room. While he remembers his daily routine of taking the train to work and sitting in his office, he is restricted to his bedroom as his family views him as a repulsive creature. Socially isolated, Gregor's only form of communication is with those who enter his room, mostly his sister, Grete. He longs for a sense of normalcy and acceptance from his family and struggles to listen in on conversations from other rooms.
A Constant Internal Struggle
Trapped in his new body, both physically and psychologically, Gregor experiences an ongoing battle between his instincts as an insect and his human psyche. When he finally ventures out of his room for the first and last time, his father treats him with disgust, reaffirming Gregor's gradual dehumanization.
The story remains within the apartment, with the only time any of the main characters leaving is at the end when the Samsa family ventures out after Gregor's death. As Grete stretches in the tramcar, it symbolizes the family's release from the burden of Gregor that had been weighing them down.
"The Metamorphosis" delves into various themes, including alienation, complex family dynamics, absurdism, and transformation, leaving a lasting impact on readers.
In Franz Kafka's "The Metamorphosis," the theme of alienation is prevalent, as shown through the effects of the protagonist's transformation. The story follows Gregor Samsa, a traveling salesman who wakes up one morning to find himself transformed into a large insect-like creature. Despite his physical change, Gregor longs for human contact, hoping that his family will enter his room or at least speak to him. Yet, as time goes by and his family grows tired of his presence, Gregor becomes even more isolated. He hides under the sofa, afraid that his transformed appearance will repulse or scare his sister.
This physical alienation serves to highlight the emotional alienation that Gregor had felt even before his transformation. At work, he was lonely and unfulfilled as a traveling salesman. When his boss visits the apartment, he criticizes Gregor's work performance, unaware that his absence was due to false rumors spread by his colleagues. Moreover, Gregor only works to pay off his family's debt, yet he receives no recognition or appreciation from them. His metamorphosis only solidifies his physical alienation as his family neglects and ignores him, further emphasizing the theme of isolation and disconnection.
The unexpected transformation of Gregor Samsa becomes the focal point of "The Metamorphosis," causing immense strain within the Samsa family. Gregor's father, in particular, shows hostility towards him, even before his transformation. He sees Gregor as an obstacle to the family's financial stability and believes that his son's transformation was a result of his own failure as a father. This animosity only intensifies after Gregor's transformation, and Mr. Samsa's actions become more aggressive and repulsive, mirroring the sentiments of the rest of the family.
Gregor's mother, on the other hand, is portrayed as a submissive and hysterical wife who is unable to interact with her transformed son. His sister, Grete, initially has a close relationship with Gregor, but as she takes on the responsibility of caring for him, she starts to resent and reject him. Despite the mistreatment from his family, Gregor's love and loyalty towards them remain unwavering, showcasing the complexities and struggles of familial relationships.
From a philosophical and literary perspective, "The Metamorphosis" can be categorized as an absurdist piece of literature. The sudden and inexplicable transformation of the protagonist drives the story, making it a prime example of absurdist literature. What could be more absurd than waking up one day as a giant insect? This absurdity is further highlighted by the fact that Gregor, even in his transformed state, worries about being late for work. The characters in the story do not question the absurdity of this transformation but instead accept it as one of the meaningless challenges of life that must be overcome.
However, the story also showcases the power of transformation. Along with Gregor's physical transformation, his sister, Grete, also undergoes a transformation from a girl into a woman, and his father transforms from a disheveled old man to a well-put-together member of the workforce. Each member of the Samsa family also experiences a transformation in their identity, as they must learn to rely on themselves without Gregor's support. By the end of the story, they have all found employment and can survive without Gregor's contribution, symbolizing their growth and transformation.
Kafka masterfully employs various literary devices in "The Metamorphosis" to highlight the themes and struggles of the Samsa family. One of these devices is the use of long sentences, which is a stylistic choice that stems from the German language. The translators preserve this structure to stay true to Kafka's original writing style, adding to the overall impact and complexity of the story.
Written by Franz Kafka in 1912 and published in 1915, The Metamorphosis is a short novel that follows the story of Gregor Samsa, a traveling salesman who wakes up one morning to find himself transformed into a giant insect. As his family rejects and neglects him in his new form, the story explores themes of alienation, familial relationships, and the absurdity of life.
At the heart of the story lies the allegory of Adam and Eve's fall in the Bible, mirrored in Gregor's transformation. Just as the apple leads to the downfall of mankind in the Garden of Eden, an apple thrown in anger brings about Gregor's demise. This biblical symbolism adds depth to the story and highlights the consequences of one's actions.
Irony is also prevalent throughout The Metamorphosis, with the reader and Gregor being the only ones aware of his transformation initially, while his family remains oblivious. The absurdity of the situation is further emphasized by the fact that his manager blames his lateness on physical illness rather than a literal transformation. The use of similes and metaphors also adds to the chaotic and nonsensical tone of the story, particularly in its portrayal of the Samsa household.
The central theme of alienation is evident in Gregor's transformation, as he becomes increasingly isolated from his family and society. Despite their mistreatment and rejection, Gregor's loyalty and love for his family remain unshaken, while also struggling with the loss of his human identity.
Another prominent theme is transformation, not only in Gregor's physical form but also in the dynamics of his family. With Gregor's transformation, the family becomes self-sufficient and no longer relies on him as the breadwinner. As they work to adapt to their new circumstances, they gradually forget about Gregor and move on with their lives, ultimately feeling relieved by his death.
The overarching message of The Metamorphosis is the inherent absurdity of life. Through Gregor's outlandish transformation and the family's unquestioning reactions, Kafka highlights the senseless and chaotic nature of existence. Despite its dark and disturbing nature, the novel offers a thought-provoking exploration of the human condition and the meaning of life.
