When it comes to father figures, there are a multitude of names that can be used - dad, father, old man, pa, papa, pop, daddy. Each name may hold a slightly different meaning, but they all represent the same concept - the man who has a special connection with his child through shared DNA or through raising, caring for, and loving them. In Sylvia Plath's poem 'Daddy' from her 1965 collection 'Ariel,' she delves into her own relationship with her father and presents a unique interpretation of the word "daddy."
Published posthumously in 1965, two years after Plath's tragic death, 'Daddy' was written in 1962 - just one month after she separated from her husband and fellow poet, Ted Hughes, and four months before she took her own life. Plath is now believed to have suffered from bipolar II disorder, which is characterized by manic highs and depressive lows. During a manic episode, she wrote 26 poems that would later be included in 'Ariel,' including 'Daddy.' Written on October 12, 1962, the poem delves into Plath's complex relationships with her father, husband, and men in general.
Plath's personal biography provides context for the intense emotions expressed in 'Daddy.' Her father was a German immigrant and biology professor who married one of his students. Plath struggled with issues of religion and masculinity after his untimely death, which had a profound impact on her. Her marriage to Hughes, who was reportedly abusive and unfaithful, was seen as an attempt to reunite with her father by marrying someone similar to him. It was 22 years after her father's death that she wrote 'Daddy.' Her complicated relationship with her father and the trauma of his passing likely contributed to the severe depression she experienced in college, leading her to attempt suicide twice before ultimately succeeding by poisoning herself with carbon monoxide in her kitchen oven. In 'Daddy,' Plath suggests that her previous suicide attempts and failed marriage were her attempts to reunite with her absent father.
In the poem, Plath declares, "Daddy, I have had to kill you." However, her use of "Daddy" is not a term of endearment, but rather a representation of the oppressive and domineering figure her father was. She describes him as a "marble-heavy" weight and a "ghastly statue" with a "freakish" head. Plath's father was a strict and overbearing presence in her life, and even after his death, his control continued.
Plath goes on to compare her father to a "Panzer-man," referencing the German military during World War II, and alluding to the Holocaust with mentions of Dachau, Auschwitz, and Belsen. Her use of German and Polish words further emphasizes the oppressive and controlling nature of her father and other male figures in her life. She also mentions the "clear beer of Vienna," possibly alluding to her German heritage and the idea of purity and superiority often associated with the Aryan race.
Sylvia Plath's 'Daddy' is a deeply personal and emotional piece that explores the complicated and often oppressive relationships she had with paternal figures in her life. It reflects her struggles with mental illness, depression, and trauma, ultimately culminating in her untimely death. While the poem is a work of personal expression, it also uses powerful symbolism and metaphor to convey universal themes of paternal control, oppression, and the impact of trauma on one's relationships and mental health.
Sylvia Plath's poem, 'Daddy' uses vivid imagery and metaphors to convey the speaker's complex emotions towards their father. By painting a dark and haunting picture, Plath explores themes of oppression and control in the relationship between a daughter and her father.
The speaker portrays their father as a terrible and oppressive figure, using metaphors to describe him as a "black shoe," a "Marble-heavy" statue, and a German Nazi. These metaphors not only evoke strong emotions but also highlight the father's power and control over the speaker's life. The use of collective nouns such as "Luftwaffe," "they," and "every German" suggest that 'daddy' represents all domineering and oppressive men in the speaker's life.
Through the speaker's statements, such as "Every woman adores a Fascist" and "If I've killed one man, I've killed two," it is evident that 'daddy' is not just a representation of one man, but a symbol for all oppressive men in the speaker's life. This is emphasized by the use of metaphors, comparing the father to God, Hitler, and a vampire. These metaphors depict the father as a cruel and merciless figure, while the speaker is portrayed as a victim.
The use of imagery in the poem adds to its dark and angry tone, allowing the metaphors to expand and develop over multiple lines and stanzas. In describing their father, the speaker uses imagery to compare him to both Hitler and his idea of the perfect German. The imagery also conveys the overwhelming presence of the father in the speaker's life, as seen in the lines where he stretches across the entire United States.
Plath's inclusion of the Jewish struggle in the poem has been criticized, but it adds to the impact of the poem and highlights the cycle of toxic and manipulative men in the speaker's life. By comparing themselves to a Jew being taken to concentration camps, the speaker draws a parallel between their struggles and those of the Jews during WWII. This use of simile adds to the powerful impact of the poem.
The use of onomatopoeia and repetition in the poem creates a sense of childhood innocence and trauma. The use of words like "Achoo" mimics a nursery rhyme and adds to the reader's sympathy towards the speaker. The repetition of "Ich, ich, ich, ich," the German word for "I," also highlights the difficulties in communication between the speaker and their father.
In conclusion, Sylvia Plath's 'Daddy' is a masterful use of symbolism and metaphor to convey the speaker's complex relationship with their father. Through powerful imagery and metaphors, Plath explores themes of oppression, control, and the lasting impact of a tumultuous relationship between a daughter and her father.
Sylvia Plath's poem, "Daddy," uses metaphors, imagery, onomatopoeia and allusions to create a haunting and thought-provoking piece that delves into themes of trauma, power, and survival. Through these literary devices, the speaker portrays a tumultuous relationship with her father and explores the impact of his Nazi-like behavior on her life.
The speaker never explicitly refers to her father as a Nazi, but instead alludes to this identity through phrases such as "your Luftwaffe, your gobbledygoo" and references to his "neat mustache" and "Aryan eye, bright blue." These subtle hints suggest her father's involvement and beliefs in the Nazi party during WWII, evoking a sense of fear and unease.
In addition, the speaker compares her husband to her father, labeling him "a man in black with a Mein Kampf look." This reference to Hitler's autobiographical manifesto highlights the fascist and radical nature of her husband's beliefs. The speaker's portrayal of herself as a helpless Jewish woman in the midst of her father and husband's oppressive and Nazi-like tendencies evokes sympathy from readers.
Aside from allusions, the speaker also uses simile, hyperbole, apostrophe, and various literary devices to convey the overwhelming and overpowering presence of her father in her life. Through comparing her father's toe to "a Frisco seal" and his head to "the freakish Atlantic," she emphasizes his immense size and dominance over her. Hyperbole further emphasizes his larger-than-life and evil nature, with the speaker even comparing him to a "ghastly statue" that has claimed the entire United States as his own.
The use of apostrophe, where the speaker addresses her father despite his absence or death, adds a personal and emotional tone to the poem. This is contrasted with the use of consonance, assonance, and alliteration, which create a sing-song and eerie effect reminiscent of a twisted nursery rhyme. These literary devices add depth and rhythm to the poem, with the repetition of sounds contributing to its overall impact.
In conclusion, Plath's "Daddy" is a powerful and emotionally charged poem that explores the deep-seated complexities of the speaker's relationship with her father. Through the use of allusions, similes, and various literary devices, the speaker effectively conveys the overwhelming presence and influence her father has on her life. The poem serves as a haunting reminder of the lasting impact a father can have on their child.
The opening line of "Daddy" immediately sets a harsh and resentful tone, with the use of allusion to the nursery rhyme "The Little Old Lady Who Lived in a Shoe." Throughout the poem, this juxtaposition of playfulness and anger is maintained, with the repetition of specific sounds creating a rapid and unsettling rhythm that propels the reader forward. Without a natural meter, the speaker relies on the repetition of consonants and vowels to control the pace of the poem, heightening the intensity of her emotions.
Consonance, assonance, and alliteration are skillfully employed by the speaker to enhance the impact of her words. The repetition of similar consonant sounds can be seen in phrases like "I made a model of you," where the "m" sound adds to the harshness of the speaker's tone. Similarly, the recurrence of similar vowel sounds in lines like "Daddy, I have had to kill you" creates a sense of urgency and adds to the poem's intense rhythm. Alliteration is also present throughout the piece, further emphasizing the speaker's feelings.
Another literary technique utilized by Plath is the use of enjambment and end-stops. With 37 out of 80 lines being end-stopped, the poem maintains a sense of momentum. Enjambment, also used from the beginning, adds to this feeling, with the speaker saying, "You do not do, you do not do / Any more, black shoe / In which I have lived like a foot / For thirty years, poor and white" (1-4). This technique adds to the overall impact of the poem and conveys the speaker's desperate need to break free from her father's influence.
Sylvia Plath's use of stream of consciousness in 'Daddy' creates a sense of intimacy and emotional vulnerability for the speaker. However, it also raises questions about her reliability as a narrator. Despite this, readers are drawn to her as the use of enjambment effectively establishes a closer connection between the speaker and the audience. This positioning of the speaker as a victim who deserves empathy is starkly contrasted with the portrayal of her emotionally reserved and unlikeable father.
One of the key elements in the poem is repetition, serving multiple purposes. Firstly, it creates a sense of nostalgia and nursery rhyme-like rhythm that runs throughout the piece. Secondly, it highlights the speaker's compulsive and childlike relationship with her father, as seen in the repeated lines "You do not do, you do not do / Any more, black shoe" (1-2). Lastly, it emphasizes the speaker's inability to escape her father's memory, even after his death. This is evident in the repetition of the line "I think I may well be a Jew" (32, 34, 35, 40), showcasing how she has been her father's victim throughout her life.
The use of repetition also reflects the speaker's conflicting emotions towards her father, as seen in the repetition of the word "back" in "And get back, back, back to you" (59), demonstrating her desire to both be close to and distance herself from her father. The final line of the poem, "Daddy, daddy, you bastard, I'm through" (80), serves as a powerful crescendo, with the repetition of "through" reinforcing the speaker's determination to break free from her father's dominating influence.
The poem delves into various themes, with the most prominent being the speaker's struggle between oppression and freedom. She feels trapped and oppressed by her father's overbearing and all-consuming influence, evident in lines such as "You do not do, you do not do / Any more, black shoe / In which I have lived like a foot / For thirty years, poor and white" (1-5). Even in death, the speaker is afraid of doing anything to upset her father, showcasing the lasting hold he has on her. The use of metaphors comparing the speaker to a Jew being taken to a concentration camp and her father to a Nazi further emphasizes this theme (42, 45, 48).
Furthermore, the speaker's husband is also portrayed as a parasite, draining her of her strength and freedom. However, the speaker is determined to break free from these oppressive forces, as seen in the recurring phrase "I'm through."
The speaker expresses a sense of loss with her father's death, despite feeling oppressed by him. Losing him at a young age feels like a betrayal, which is why he remains a prominent figure in her mind. She conveys this feeling of betrayal in the line "You died before I had time" (7), but never specifies what she needed time for. Perhaps it was time to move on, to fully hate him, or to take revenge? What matters is that she believes the time she had with him was not enough. In fact, she goes as far as blaming him for his own death, depicting it as a violent attack against her: "the black man who / Bit my pretty red heart in two. / I was ten when they buried you" (55-57). Even in death, she portrays her father as the antagonist, holding him responsible for breaking her heart and betraying her with his loss.
The speaker admits to once praying for her father's return (14), revealing her longing to regain what she lost when he died. In her eyes, his death signified not only the loss of her father figure but also her innocence. This desire to mitigate her loss drives her to contemplate ending her own life: "At twenty I tried to die / And get back, back, back to you" (58-59). The speaker feels betrayed by her father's death as it marked the end of her childhood and the loss of something she could never regain.
Ultimately, the conflict in this poem stems from the dynamics between the female speaker and her male antagonists. She is trapped in a constant battle between her desire for freedom and the confines of oppressive relationships. However, through her powerful words and use of repetition, the speaker is able to break free and declare her liberation. The final line, "Daddy, daddy, you bastard, I'm through" (80), serves as a triumphant expression of her determination to leave her father's dominance behind.
In her poem 'Daddy', Sylvia Plath reflects on her personal experiences to delve into the themes of betrayal, loss, and victimization. The speaker, much like Plath herself, feels a deep sense of loss and oppression due to the strong presence of her father in her life. Plath's use of vivid metaphors and imagery highlights the damaging effects of patriarchal dominance and the struggles faced by women in male-dominated societies.
From a young age, the speaker is constantly in fear of her father's overpowering and potentially harmful influence. She compares herself to "a foot stuck in his shoe", portraying herself as a small and insignificant extension of her father (5). Any wrong move can result in physical or mental harm, leaving her constantly on edge. The lack of understanding and communication between father and daughter only adds to their disconnect, as the speaker expresses, "So I never could tell where you / Put your foot, your root, / I never could talk to you. / The tongue stuck in my jaw" (22-25). This inability to connect with her father leads to a sense of unease and distance, making him a frightening and distant figure in her mind.
The poem also delves into the theme of conflict between feminine and masculine relationships. The speaker equates her father to fascist and oppressive figures, viewing them all as brutal and dangerous. She sarcastically states, "Every woman adores a Fascist, / The boot in the face" (48-49), implying that women are drawn to oppressive men due to their past experiences. Plath suggests that women are often too scared to leave such relationships, perpetuating patriarchal dominance and suppressing their own needs for the sake of safety.
Sylvia Plath's works are often associated with feminist ideas, challenging the idea of the submissive female and critiquing the harmful effects of patriarchal structures on women. Through her personal experiences, Plath sheds light on the struggles faced by women under the dominance of men. In 'Daddy', she presents a powerful and poignant representation of the fight against patriarchal oppression.
'Daddy' can be seen as a message of defiance, as the speaker finally breaks free from her father's influence to gain her freedom. Through her metaphorical comparison of her husband to a vampire, Plath highlights the suffocating and consuming nature of patriarchal relationships. This rebellion against patriarchal norms is further emphasized by the speaker's resentment towards her father's control and her husband's dominance.
Overall, 'Daddy' is a confessional poem, offering a glimpse into Sylvia Plath's psychological state. As the speaker grapples with feelings of love and hatred towards her father and husband, Plath challenges the traditional father-daughter and husband-wife relationships and the societal expectations placed on women. The poem serves as a powerful commentary on the impact of patriarchal structures on individuals and their relationships, making it a timeless piece of feminist literature.
In her poignant and thought-provoking work, the author delves into her own life to shine a spotlight on the broader problems within our society. Through her powerful narrative, she reveals the harmful impact of oppressive structures that continue to plague us. Her words are haunting and captivating, leaving a lasting impression on those who read them.
