The world of poetry is vast and complex, with numerous forms and terms to describe rhyme, meter, and stanzas. It can be overwhelming to define what poetic form truly entails. In this article, we will simplify and break down the key elements, providing examples of important poetic terms to help you gain a deeper understanding and appreciation for the art of poetry!
Poetic form refers to the structure of a poem, including line breaks, rhyme, and meter. It also considers the length of stanzas and the use of repetition. Every poem has a unique form, which can follow well-known structures like haikus and limericks, or be specific to the individual poem.
While some forms have strict guidelines, others allow for experimentation with structure, such as free verse. Certain forms dictate the number of lines, like a sonnet or haiku, while others require precise meter and syllable counts. Although there may seem to be a lot to consider when it comes to poetic form, the main themes to keep in mind are:
The Structure of Poetry
Poetic form refers to the organization and structure of a poem. Different types of poems have their own set of structural rules. Let's take a closer look at the key themes and terms for poetic form.
Lineation refers to the placement of line breaks and stanzas, as well as the length and number of lines within a stanza. The length of a line can be determined by syllable count, if the poem follows a specific meter, or if it has a certain rhyme scheme. A stanza typically contains a singular idea, much like a paragraph in prose. Forms of poetry like villanelles and sonnets have strict rules for structural organization, requiring a set number of lines per stanza, such as a quatrain, tercet, or couplet.
Number of LinesStanza Name1Monostich2Couplet3Tercet4Quatrain5Quintain6Sestet7Septet8Octave9Nonet10Dizain
The couplet and quatrain are commonly used in Elizabethan sonnets, while villanelles consist of five tercets and a quatrain.
When people think of poetry, they often think of rhyming. Rhyming is when words sound alike, such as light and night, and is commonly used in traditional poetry. Originally, rhyme was used to aid poets or bards in reciting their poems, providing cues when presenting them orally. As literacy rates rose in the 19th century, rhyme became less prevalent in contemporary poetry, as it was more commonly read rather than heard.
There are many types of rhyme, but for our purposes, we will focus on the three main examples: terminal rhyme, internal rhyme, and slant rhyme. Terminal rhyme (also known as end rhyme) is the most familiar form, where the last word in a line rhymes with another. For example:
Tyger Tyger,
burning bright,
In the forests of the night;
This excerpt from William Blake's "The Tyger" uses terminal rhyme with the words bright and night at the end of corresponding lines.
Internal rhyme occurs when two words within a single line rhyme, as seen in Edgar Allen Poe's poem "The Raven":
Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary;
Finally, slant rhyme is when two words sound similar, but are not identical. These words may have similar consonant sounds or vowel sounds, but never both. For example, in Emily Dickinson's "Hope is a Thing with Feathers":
Hope is a thing with feathers
That perches on the soul
And sings the tune without the words
And never stops at all
The combination and organization of rhymes is referred to as the rhyme scheme.
When faced with the countless variations of stanzas in poetry, it can be overwhelming to comprehend. However, by focusing on one specific stanza, the quatrain, we can simplify the complexities of poetic forms. A quatrain, consisting of four lines, is a common and versatile structure in poetry. Depending on the rhyme scheme used, the quatrain can be described as AAAA or ABAB, as exemplified in Robert Frost's poem "Neither Out Far, Nor In Deep" (1936):
Whispering waves on the shore,
All heads turn towards the sea;
Leaving behind the land's roar,
Gazing out at the endless blue sea.
In addition to using rhyme schemes, poets also use meter to enhance the rhythmic flow of their poems. Meter refers to the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in each line. For instance, the word "ahead" has two syllables, with the first being unstressed and the second being stressed. Although meter was historically used to aid in poem recitation, modern poets often leave it to their discretion. Factors such as dialect and language differences make it challenging to pinpoint a specific meter in a poem. Nonetheless, there are various types of meter found in poetry, with the most famous being iambic pentameter.
Examples of common meter patterns include the number of syllables and the number of feet in a line. A "foot" consists of stressed and unstressed syllables, with each line containing a certain number of feet. For instance, a line with one iamb would have two syllables and one foot, while a line with two iambs would have four syllables and two feet.
Iambic Pentameter: The Most Widely Used Meter in Poetry
Iambic pentameter, famously used by William Shakespeare, is a form of meter that consists of five feet in each line, hence the name "pentameter." This means that a line of iambic pentameter contains ten syllables, with five pairs of stressed and unstressed syllables. An example of iambic pentameter is the opening line of Shakespeare's Sonnet 18 which reads, "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?" Each foot in this line is numbered, corresponding to the five iambs. Iambic tetrameter, with four feet per line, is also a popular form of meter, often used by poets like William Wordsworth, as seen in his famous line, "I wandered, lonely as a cloud."
Different Types of Meter in Poetry
When examining meter, it is essential to consider the line length and the number of feet in a line. While "feet" are usually used to describe iambs, they can be applied to all forms of meter. Here are the terms used to classify the number of feet in a line:
Now that we are familiar with the structure and use of meter in poetry, we can explore various poetic forms with strict structural rules.
One of the oldest poetic forms is the sonnet, traditionally consisting of 14 lines. Typically centered around themes of love, the word "sonnet" derives from the Latin word "souno," meaning "sound." There are two main types of sonnets: the Petrarchan and the Elizabethan. The Petrarchan form comprises 14 lines divided into an octave and a sestet, while the Elizabethan form consists of three quatrains and a couplet, with an alternate rhyme scheme of ABAB.
Poetic form refers to the structure of a poem, including its line length, rhyme scheme, and metrical pattern. It is a crucial aspect of understanding and analyzing poetry. Let's delve into the different types of poetic form and how they shape a poem's meaning and impact on the reader.
Sonnets are fourteen-line poems with a strict rhyme scheme and meter. The most famous examples of Petrarchan and Elizabethan sonnets are "When I Consider How My Light is Spent" (1673) by John Milton and "Sonnet 18" (1609) by William Shakespeare, respectively. This form allows for the expression of complex emotions and is often used to convey love and longing.
A villanelle is a nineteen-line poem with five tercets and a final quatrain. The tercets follow an ABA rhyme scheme, while the quatrain follows an ABAA pattern. This form is considered challenging due to its strict structure and repetitive lines. A famous example of a villanelle is Dylan Thomas' "Do Not Go Gentle into that Goodnight" (1951).
Ballads are narrative poems that were originally meant to be sung. They typically consist of quatrains with an ABCB rhyme scheme, although this structure can vary. John Keats' ballad "La Belle Dame sans Merci" (1819) deviates from the traditional rhyme scheme, showcasing the flexibility of this poetic form.
Haikus are Japanese poems with a strict syllable count of 17, divided into lines of 5, 7, and 5 syllables each. These poems often focus on nature and evoke vivid imagery with their simplicity and brevity. Their most famous example is the haiku anthology "Basho's Haiku" (1683).
Lineation:
Lineation refers to the organization and length of a poem's lines and stanzas. It includes factors such as line breaks and punctuation. While some forms, like sonnets, have strict rules for lineation, others allow for more creative freedom. The way a poem is lineated can influence its rhythm, pacing, and overall aesthetic.
Rhyme Scheme:
Rhyme scheme is the pattern of rhymes in a poem, represented by a series of letters. For example, a limerick has an AABBA rhyme scheme. This adds structure and musicality to a poem and can help convey its themes and emotions.
Meter:
Meter is the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry. It adds a rhythmic quality to a poem and can be used to create specific moods or emphasize certain words. While some forms, like haikus, have strict syllable requirements, others use meter more loosely to enhance the poem's flow.
A Sample Poetry Form:
The limerick is a well-known example of a poetry form. It consists of five lines in a single stanza and follows an AABBA rhyme scheme. Limericks are often humorous and tell short stories or describe characters. A popular limerick is "There Was an Old Man with a Beard" (1846) by Edward Lear.
Identifying a Poem's Form:
To identify a poem's form, we can analyze its line length, rhyme scheme, and meter. By examining these elements, we can determine the type of poetic form the poem follows and how it contributes to its overall structure and meaning. Understanding a poem's form allows for a deeper appreciation of its artistry and craftsmanship.
Poetry Form vs. Poetic Structure:
While poetic form refers to strict forms with set rules, poetic structure encompasses the overall organization and flow of a poem. This can include elements like stanza length, repetition, and imagery. It is important to differentiate between the two, as both play a significant role in shaping a poem.
In conclusion, poetic form is essential in comprehending and admiring poetry. It adds purpose and structure to a poem, and by studying its various forms, we can gain a greater understanding of this beautiful art form. Next time you read a poem, take a moment to analyze its form and how it contributes to its meaning and impact.
