In 1849, Henry David Thoreau delivered a lecture on the importance of standing up against unjust laws and governments. His speech, originally titled 'Resistance to Civil Government' but later known as 'Civil Disobedience,' argued that we have a moral obligation to not support governments that enforce unjust laws, even if it means breaking the law and risking punishment.
Thoreau's protest was aimed at the issues of slavery and unjust wars. While many shared his beliefs during the mid-19th century, his call for non-violent resistance was largely disregarded or misunderstood. It wasn't until the 20th century that Thoreau's work became a source of inspiration for influential activists such as Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr.
In 1845, at the age of 29, Thoreau left his life in Concord, Massachusetts to live in solitude in a cabin near Walden Pond. After graduating from Harvard and exploring various professions, Thoreau felt unfulfilled and sought to live deliberately and learn from his experience. During this time, he would still visit his family and friends in Concord, dropping off his laundry and enjoying dinner with his loved ones. It was on one of these visits that he was reminded by the local tax collector, Sam Staples, that he hadn't paid his taxes in over four years.
Despite Thoreau and Staples having a good relationship, Thoreau stood his ground and stated that he refused to pay taxes to support a government that allowed slavery and unjust wars. Even when Staples offered to pay the tax on his behalf, Thoreau steadfastly refused and calmly followed him to jail. He spent only one night in jail before an anonymous friend paid the tax for him. This experience would later inspire Thoreau to deliver his famous lecture, 'Resistance to Civil Government,' three years later, which was later published as an essay.
While Thoreau's essay was not well-received during his lifetime and soon forgotten, it was rediscovered in the 20th century by leaders and activists who found his words to be a powerful tool in their fight against injustice. Even today, Thoreau's ideas continue to inspire people to stand up against unjust governments and laws.
Thoreau begins his essay by quoting Thomas Jefferson's famous maxim, "That government is best which governs least." However, he adds his own twist, stating that under certain circumstances and with proper preparation, the quote should be, "That government is best which governs not at all." Thoreau believes that all governments serve as tools for people to exercise their will, and it is our duty to resist when that will goes against moral principles.
Throughout history, governments have been prone to being "abused and perverted" by a select few, as witnessed by Thoreau during his lifetime. For instance, during the Mexican-American War, President James K. Polk led the United States into conflict without the approval of Congress, highlighting the potential for abuse of power. However, Thoreau argues that the positive accomplishments often attributed to government, such as preserving freedom, expanding territory, and providing education, were actually achieved by the determination and character of the American people, not the government. In fact, he believes that these achievements could have been accomplished more efficiently without government interference.
The Mexican-American War (1846-1848) was fought over territory that includes modern-day California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, Oklahoma, Colorado, and New Mexico. The United States initially attempted to purchase the land from Mexico, but when negotiations failed, President Polk sent troops to the border and provoked an attack, ultimately declaring war without the consent of Congress. Many suspected that Polk's true motive was to add new slave-holding states to maintain the South's control in Congress.
In his writing, Henry David Thoreau recognizes the impracticality of having no government at all. However, he argues for the importance of working towards a "better government" that commands respect. The main flaw he sees in contemporary government is that it is dominated by the physically strongest, rather than those who are morally right or concerned with fairness for all. This results in a society where the majority hold all the power, while the minority are ignored and oppressed.
Thoreau points out that the majority of citizens who contribute to the government do so through the police force or military, where they are reduced to "machines" and only use their physical bodies, rather than their moral and rational capacities. On the other hand, those in more intellectual roles such as legislators, politicians, lawyers, ministers, and office-holders, exercise their rationality but rarely consider the moral implications of their actions. They blindly follow orders without questioning their morality. Thoreau believes that the only true "heroes, patriots, martyrs, and reformers" in history are those who had the courage to question the moral integrity of the state. This fear of a democracy being overtaken by the majority, with no regard for minority rights, is known as the tyranny of the majority. This was a major concern of the authors of The Federalist Papers (1787) and remains relevant to Thoreau's arguments.
So, how should one respond to a government that claims to champion liberty, yet allows for slavery? Thoreau's answer is that one cannot be associated with such a government without disgrace. It is the duty of every individual to rebel and fight for change. He emphasizes the urgency of this duty, as it is not a foreign occupying force, but our own government responsible for this injustice. Despite the potential for upheaval and inconvenience, Thoreau believes it is a moral obligation for Americans to take action. He uses the analogy of someone who has taken a plank from a drowning man and now must decide whether to return it, risking their own struggle and possible death, or to watch the other man sink. In Thoreau's eyes, there is only one decision – to return the plank. He believes that "he that would save his life, in such a case, shall lose it." In other words, while one may be saved from physical death by drowning, they will suffer a moral and spiritual death, transforming into someone unrecognizable. Similarly, if the United States fails to take action against slavery and unjust wars of aggression, it will lose its "existence as a people."
Thoreau also argues that the selfish and materialistic motives of his contemporaries have made them complacent and conformist. The pursuit of business and profit has become more important to "the children of Washington and Franklin" than liberty and peace, a fact that is ironic and concerning. Additionally, the American political system, which relies solely on voting and representation, undermines individual moral choice and responsibility.
Thoreau's critique of government serves as a powerful reminder that those in positions of power must always be held accountable for their actions and decisions. It is the duty of every citizen to question and challenge the government when necessary, in order to strive towards a better and more just society. As Thoreau argues, "it is never too late to give up our prejudices." This serves as a call to action for all individuals to actively work towards a government that truly represents and serves the people.
The democratic government, though perceived as the epitome of a fair and just system, is not immune to flaws and inefficiencies that hinder real change and progress within a single lifetime. Henry David Thoreau, in his book Walden (1854), offers a unique perspective on how to challenge and reform the limitations of this system.
Thoreau's solution to the flaws of democratic government is non-compliance and withholding support from any government that promotes injustice. He believes that by being a "counter-friction to the machine" and refusing to participate in the very wrongs one condemns, individuals can bring about significant change. Thoreau suggests that tax season is the perfect opportunity to become a counter-friction as it is the only time most individuals directly interact with the government and contribute financially.
Although refusing to pay taxes may result in imprisonment, Thoreau justifies it as a just consequence in a society that imprisons unjustly. Furthermore, he envisions a society where everyone who opposes slavery refuses to pay taxes and willingly accepts imprisonment, causing chaos in the government and forcing them to address the issue. Apart from the practical impact, withholding taxes also holds a symbolic significance for Thoreau as it deprives the state of the funds needed to carry out unjust actions and absolves individuals of any participation in those actions. Additionally, it compels the government to listen to the people's voices in a more powerful way than voting does.
Thoreau acknowledges that refusing to pay taxes presents a greater risk for those who own property or assets as the government has the power to seize these possessions. However, he argues that wealth accumulated in an unjust state should be a source of shame, and individuals must be willing to surrender it, even if it means living modestly without a secure source of food.
Reflecting on his personal experience of spending one night in prison for refusing to pay six years of taxes, Thoreau notes the ineffectiveness of the government's strategy. He observes that he did not feel confined and saw the walls as a mere waste of stone and mortar. To him, it was a rare opportunity to have paid his taxes in full while the rest of his town was still indebted to the government. He also realizes that the government's superiority lies in physical force, but it is unable to control a person's thoughts and beliefs.
Interestingly, Thoreau found the experience of imprisonment to be a liberating one. Despite being physically confined, his mind and spirit were free. This contrast led him to conclude that he was not meant to be forced, and he would continue to live by his own principles.
Thoreau clarifies that his refusal to pay taxes is not just an objection to the specific use of his money, but a general refusal of allegiance to the state. He also admits that from a certain perspective, the U.S. Constitution is a well-crafted legal document.
Thoreau's ideas also shed light on the limitations of human law and the concept of higher law. He believes that the interpretation and upholding of the law are often confined by the perspective of maintaining the status quo, rather than considering a moral and spiritual law that supersedes any nation or society's laws. Thoreau argues that this higher law dictates that actions such as slavery and war are inherently immoral, regardless of their legality. He believes that this higher law can only be understood by immersing oneself in nature, much like his friend and mentor Ralph Waldo Emerson.
Thoreau acknowledges that democratic governments, despite their flaws, provide more rights to individuals than absolute or limited monarchies do, making them a sign of progress. However, he also questions whether there is still room for improvement and offers an alternative approach to challenge injustice and instigate change within this system.
Thoreau strongly advocated for individual sovereignty, emphasizing the need for the government to recognize the individual as a higher and independent power from whom all authority is derived. This would require them to treat individuals as such, not only by putting an end to oppressive practices such as slavery but also by allowing them to live independently without government control as long as they fulfill their responsibilities as good neighbors and citizens.
The term "civil disobedience" was not originally coined by Thoreau, but his essay and actions in the mid-1800s have been widely recognized as the beginnings of this peaceful form of protest. It involves deliberately breaking laws that are deemed immoral or unjust, and accepting the consequences, which may include fines, imprisonment, or physical harm.
Despite being largely overlooked during his lifetime, Thoreau's essay published in 1849 has had a significant impact on political movements in the 20th century. In modern times, civil disobedience is often viewed as a legitimate method of protesting against perceived injustices.
The most notable example of Thoreau's philosophy in action was Mahatma Gandhi's use of civil disobedience to protest British colonial rule in India. Gandhi, who first encountered Thoreau's essay while working as a lawyer in South Africa, was inspired by his ideas and incorporated them into his own articles and protests. His successful nonviolent movements, such as the Salt March in 1930, ultimately led to India gaining independence from Britain in 1946.
Civil disobedience was also a crucial strategy in the American civil rights movement, with influential leaders such as Martin Luther King, Jr. utilizing it as a powerful means of effecting social and political change.
Besides leaving a lasting literary legacy, Henry David Thoreau's works have played a significant role in the fight against segregation and for equal rights of African Americans in the United States. This is demonstrated by the use of nonviolent protests by Martin Luther King, Jr., who drew inspiration from Thoreau's concept of civil disobedience.During the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott, King put Thoreau's philosophy into action by encouraging black citizens to peacefully refuse to adhere to Alabama's laws that legally enforced racial segregation on public transportation. This movement gained national attention and showcased the power of nonviolent resistance. Unlike Thoreau, King faced numerous arrests and served jail time under harsh conditions throughout his career. One of these instances was during a peaceful protest against racial inequality in Birmingham, Alabama. While incarcerated, King wrote his notable essay, "Letter from a Birmingham Jail," where he expressed his belief in peacefully breaking unjust laws and accepting the consequences.King's ideology was heavily influenced by Thoreau, who also believed in the risk of majority rule in democratic governments and the necessity to protest against unfair laws by peacefully defying them. This idea has now become a standard form of nonviolent political resistance. It has been employed in various movements in history, such as the Occupy Wall Street movement, the Black Lives Matter movement, and the Fridays for Future climate change protests. However, in the absence of a charismatic leader like Gandhi or King, it is not always simple to coordinate large groups of people successfully.Thoreau's noteworthy quotes from "Civil Disobedience" provide insight into his views on the government and the law. He advocated for a minimal government that recognizes individual sovereignty. While a strong supporter of democracy, Thoreau also believed in the need for improvement, particularly in abolishing practices such as slavery and war. He envisioned an ideal government that would grant individuals complete freedom, as long as they did not infringe upon anyone else's rights.In terms of justice and the law, Thoreau stated that it was our moral obligation to defy unjust laws and accept the consequences, even if it meant imprisonment. He referred to this as the "higher law," which may be in conflict with civil law. Thoreau's renowned quote, "They only can force me who obey a higher law than I," conveys his belief in standing up for one's moral principles.
Civil disobedience, also known as "Resistance to Civil Government," is a peaceful form of protest against unfair or immoral laws. In 1849, Henry David Thoreau, an American philosopher and writer, delivered a lecture justifying his refusal to pay taxes as a means to protest against slavery and the Mexican-American War. He believed that it was the moral responsibility of every individual to not support the actions of an unjust government.Thoreau's idea of nonviolent resistance is best summarized in his famous quote, "If a thousand men were not to pay their tax-bills this year, that would not be a violent and bloody measure, as it would be to pay them, and enable the State to shed innocent blood." This aligns with the modern definition of civil disobedience, where citizens withhold their support in order to protest against unjust laws and compel the government to bring about change.One of the key arguments put forth by Thoreau in 'Civil Disobedience' is that democracy does not provide effective means for minorities to protest against injustice through voting. Therefore, alternative methods, such as civil disobedience, are necessary to bring about change.Thoreau also suggests that refusing to pay taxes is the most effective form of civil disobedience in a democratic state. By withholding financial support, individuals can express their disapproval of unjust laws and policies.Furthermore, Thoreau emphasizes that those who engage in civil disobedience must be ready to face the consequences of their actions, even if it means imprisonment or confiscation of their property. This is a crucial aspect of civil disobedience, as individuals must be willing to endure the repercussions of their actions in order to draw attention to the unjust laws they are protesting.The concept of civil disobedience presented by Thoreau has had a profound impact on society in the 20th century. Many notable leaders, such as Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr., have drawn inspiration from Thoreau's ideas and have utilized civil disobedience to advocate for social change.In conclusion, civil disobedience is a nonviolent form of protest, where individuals willingly challenge unjust laws, accepting the consequences of their actions. It has been used throughout history as a means to challenge unfair governments and policies. As Thoreau once stated, "Under a government which imprisons any unjustly, the true place for a just man is also a prison."
