Factoring, also known as factorising, is a method used to determine the terms that must be multiplied together to get a mathematical expression. This technique is commonly utilized to solve quadratic equations, making it essential to master effective factoring skills.
Let's explore an example of a quadratic expression to better grasp the concept of factoring:
Example: x2+8x+15
In this instance, the expression has been factored, implying that the terms have been identified to obtain the given expression.
Factoring is a crucial step in solving quadratic equations as it helps determine the x-intercepts, which are the points where the equation equals 0. These intercepts are also referred to as the roots of the equation.
There are a few different approaches to factoring quadratic equations, including:
Let's take a closer look at each of these methods and learn how to use them when factoring quadratic equations.
The greatest common factor refers to the highest common factor that evenly divides into all the other terms. Before mastering this factoring method, it is crucial to understand the distributive property, which involves solving expressions in the form of a(b+c) into ab+ac.
Example: 2(3x+6) becomes 6x+12.
Now, let's see how the greatest common factor method can be used to factor quadratic equations.
Example:
6x2+12x
Identify the numbers and variables that each term has in common. In this example, the terms 6x2 and 12x have a common factor of 6x.
Write out the values of a, b, and c (as shown below) and factor out the common factor.
Step 1:
6x2+12x
Step 2:
6x(a+b)
In this case, a is x, and b is 2.
To solve the quadratic equation, we must determine the value of the x-intercept. This can be done by setting the factored expression equal to 0 and solving for x.
Step 3 (Solving the Quadratic Equation):
Set 6x(a+b) = 0 and solve for x to find the x-intercept.
The greatest common factor method is a reliable way to factor quadratic equations, as demonstrated in this example.
The perfect square method involves transforming a perfect square trinomial into a perfect square binomial, where the root of the trinomial is one of the factors of the binomial.
Example: x2+14x+49 can be factored into (x+7)(x+7). The root of the trinomial, x=-7, is also a common factor in the binomial.
Let's examine the steps involved in factoring quadratic equations using the perfect square method.
The initial step is to change the equation into a perfect square trinomial by completing the square.
Example:
x2+6x
= x2+6x+ 9 - 9
= x2+6x+9 - 9
= (x+3)(x+3) - 9
= (x+3)2 - 9
In this example, we added and subtracted 9 to maintain the original equation's value.
The next step is to convert the perfect square trinomial into a perfect square binomial by removing the constant term that was added in the previous step.
Factoring quadratic equations is an essential skill in algebra, and there are various methods to accomplish this task. The three main methods are the perfect square method, grouping method, and factoring fractions. In this article, we will cover each method in detail and provide examples for a better understanding of the process.
The perfect square method is a straightforward way to factor a quadratic equation, especially when the equation has a coefficient of 1.
Example:
(x+3)2 - 9
= (x+3)2 - 32
= (x+3)2 - (3)2
= (x+3)2 - 32
= (x+3)(x+3)
As shown, we can transform the perfect square trinomial into a perfect square binomial, making it easier to factor.
To solve a quadratic equation using the perfect square method, set the factored expression equal to 0 and solve for x.
The grouping method involves grouping terms with a common factor before factoring. Let's look at an example:
Example:
x3+8x2+4x+32
First, list out the values of a, b, and c, as shown below.
Step 1:
x3+8x2+4x+32
Find two numbers that, when multiplied, equal the constant (c) and when added, equal the x-coefficient (b).
In the given example, we can use -2 and 12, as they can be arranged to add to 10, i.e., by having -2 and +12. However, the numbers 1 and 24 cannot be arranged to equal 10.
Use these factors to separate the x-term (bx) in the original expression/equation.
Example:
x3+8x2+4x+32
= x3+8x2+2x+16x+32
Use grouping to factor the expression.
Example:
(x3+8x2)+(2x+16x)+32
= x2(x+8)+2x(x+8)+16(x+8)
= (x2+2x+16)(x+8)
When dealing with a quadratic equation with a coefficient of 1, the grouping method is an effective way to factor. Let's see how this method works with an example: 2x²-8x+6.
Step 1: List out the values of a, b, and c, which are 2, -8, and 6 in this equation.
Step 2: Find two numbers that, when added, equal -8 and when multiplied, equal 6. We can see that -2 and -6 fit these criteria. That is, (-2)(-6)=6 and -2+(-6)=-8.
Step 3: Use these factors to separate the x-term (bx) in the original expression, which gives us 2x²-2x-6x+6.
Step 4: Use grouping to factor the expression by grouping the first two terms and the last two terms together. So, (2x²-2x)-(6x-6) becomes 2x(x-1)-6(x-1).
Step 5: Since we now have a common factor of (x-1), we can factor it out to obtain the final answer of (2x-6)(x-1).
When fractions are involved in a quadratic equation, we must first multiply each term by the lowest common denominator (LCD). Let's use the equation x²+1=(11/6)x-2/3 as an example. The LCD in this case is 6, so we multiply each term by 6 to get: 6(x²+1)=6((11/6)x-2/3). This simplifies to 6x²+6=11x-4.
Now, we can use the grouping method to factor the equation, which gives us (3x-5)(2x-2)=0. Finally, we can use the quadratic formula to solve for the x-intercepts, which are x=2/3 and x=5/3.
By understanding and using the perfect square method, grouping method, and factoring fractions, factoring quadratic equations becomes less daunting and helps in solving complex problems with ease.
