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Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

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Pathology

The haemostatic system within the intravascular system is activated, resulting in the widespread deposition of fibrin, activation of platelets and consumption of various coagulation factors.

Aetiology

  • Tissue Damage
  • Burns
  • Malignancy
  • Complications Of Pregnancy
  • Infection
  • Immunological Reactions
  • Toxins
  • Liver Disease

Symptoms

Patients may experience excessive bleeding.

Signs

  • Bruising
  • Difficult to control bleeding

Investigations

Bloods: Clotting screen shows prolonged prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time and a decreased fibrinogen level, as well as a raised D-Dimer level.

Blood Film

Red blood cell fragmentation may be observed.

Treatment

  • Medical: Treat the underlying cause and transfusion of platelets, fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate and red blood cells may be necessary.

Complications

  • Renal failure
  • Major haemorrhage

Prognosis

Mortality rate is greater than 80% in severe cases.

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