The gluteus maximus is a muscle of the gluteal region in the lower limb. It is the largest and most superficial of the muscles in the gluteal region, meaning it's easily visible and palpable from the surface. This muscle is responsible for providing stability to the hip and pelvic region, and provides strength for activities such as walking, running, and jumping. It is also the muscle responsible for creating the rounded shape of the buttocks.
The gluteus maximus originates from three different sites: the gluteal (posterior) surface of the ilium, the sacrum, and the coccyx. These fibres then slope across the buttock at a 45 degree angle before inserting onto the iliotibial tract and gluteal tuberosity of the femur. The gluteus maximus is largely responsible for thigh extension and also assists with lateral rotation of the lower limb.
The gluteus maximus is innervated by the inferior gluteal nerve and is supplied with blood by the superior and inferior gluteal arteries. Figure 1 shows the gluteus maximus and other superficial muscles of the gluteal region.
The gluteus maximus is involved in a variety of movements and activities. During walking, it helps to provide stability to the hip and pelvic region, allowing the lower limb to move in a controlled and efficient manner. During running, it helps to propel the body forward and create a powerful and efficient motion. When jumping, the gluteus maximus helps to generate a strong drive off the ground, allowing athletes to reach higher heights. The muscle also helps to stabilize the femur in the hip joint, which is necessary for activities such as climbing stairs or stepping over an obstacle.
The gluteus maximus is also responsible for providing postural support to the trunk and lower limb. During standing posture, it helps to create a slight arch in the lumbar spine, which aids in keeping the body upright. When sitting, it helps to create a stable base for the lower limb by contracting and tightening the buttocks. This is especially important for activities such as lifting, as it helps to stabilize the posture and reduce the risk of injury.
The gluteus maximus is an essential muscle for activities of daily living as well as sports performance. It is important to include exercises that specifically target the gluteus maximus in order to maximize strength and stability. Examples of exercises that target the muscle include squats, hip thrusts, and leg lifts. Additionally, stretching the gluteus maximus regularly can help to reduce tightness and improve range of motion.
In conclusion, the gluteus maximus is an important muscle in the gluteal region of the lower limb. It is responsible for providing stability, strength, and postural support to the trunk and lower limb. Exercises specifically targeting the gluteus maximus should be included in exercise programming in order to maximize strength and reduce the risk of injury.
Fig 1 – The superficial muscles of the gluteal region. The gluteus maximus and medius have been partly removed.
